Legend of Zelda Android, a phrase that ignites the imagination, promises adventure, puzzles, and a whole lot of green tunic action right in your pocket. The Legend of Zelda franchise, a cornerstone of gaming history, has captivated players for decades with its immersive worlds, iconic characters like Link and Zelda, and innovative gameplay. Imagine, for a moment, the thrill of exploring Hyrule, battling Ganon, and solving ancient riddles, all from the convenience of your Android device.
The desire is palpable, the dream of a portable Hyrule. But how does one embark on such a quest?
Unfortunately, official releases are currently a mirage. Yet, the spirit of adventure prevails! This journey delves into the realm of emulation, the valiant art of recreating classic gaming experiences on modern hardware. We’ll explore the tools and techniques needed to bring beloved Zelda titles to life on your Android, navigating the legal landscape and uncovering the secrets to a smooth and satisfying gameplay experience.
From setting up emulators to mastering controller configurations and even pushing the graphical boundaries, we’ll guide you through every step. Prepare to unlock the potential of your Android device and embark on a digital pilgrimage through Hyrule.
Emulation: Legend Of Zelda Android
Embarking on a quest to relive the golden age of gaming on your Android device often leads to the fascinating realm of emulation. It’s like having a time machine, allowing you to experience the magic of classic consoles right in the palm of your hand. Prepare to dive deep into this exciting world!
The Concept of Emulation
Emulation is essentially the process of mimicking the hardware of a video game console on a different platform, like your Android phone or tablet. Think of it as a software program that acts like the original console, interpreting and executing the game’s code. This clever trick allows your Android device to “believe” it’s running a game designed for a completely different system.
The emulator acts as a translator, converting the game’s instructions into something your Android can understand and display.
Setting Up a Popular Emulator
To illustrate the process, let’s focus on setting up a popular emulator for Nintendo consoles, like the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) or Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES), on your Android device. The process, while varying slightly depending on the specific emulator, generally follows these steps:
- Choosing an Emulator: Research and select a reputable emulator from the Google Play Store or a trusted website. Popular choices include RetroArch (which supports multiple consoles), John NESS, and SNES9x EX+. Consider factors like user reviews, features, and compatibility.
- Downloading and Installation: Download the chosen emulator’s APK file and install it on your Android device. You may need to enable “Install from unknown sources” in your device’s security settings.
- Obtaining ROMs: ROMs are essentially digital copies of the game cartridges. You’ll need to obtain these files, which are often found online. (See the section on ROMs and Legal Considerations below.)
- Transferring ROMs: Transfer the ROM files to a designated folder on your Android device, usually one you create specifically for your games.
- Loading the Game: Open the emulator and browse to the folder where you saved your ROMs. Select the game you want to play, and the emulator will load it.
- Configuration: Many emulators allow for customization of settings, such as graphics, sound, and controller mapping. Experiment to find the optimal settings for your device and preferences.
ROMs and Legal Considerations
ROMs (Read-Only Memory) are the digital files containing the game data, essentially a snapshot of the game cartridge. They’re what the emulator uses to run the game. However, the legal landscape surrounding ROMs can be tricky.
Downloading ROMs of games you don’t own a physical copy of is generally considered copyright infringement.
While some exceptions may exist, such as for games no longer commercially available, it’s essential to understand the legal implications. Downloading ROMs from unauthorized sources can also expose your device to malware. Consider the potential risks and respect copyright laws.
Emulator Comparison Table
The world of Android emulators offers a variety of choices, each with its strengths and weaknesses. The following table provides a comparison of some popular options:
| Emulator | Strengths | Weaknesses |
|---|---|---|
| RetroArch | Supports a vast number of consoles, highly customizable, open-source, and has a wide community for support. | Can be complex to set up for beginners, interface can be overwhelming. |
| John NESS/SNES | User-friendly interface, excellent performance, supports various controller types. | May not support as many consoles as RetroArch, limited customization options. |
| My Boy!/My OldBoy! | Excellent Game Boy Advance/Game Boy Color emulation, high compatibility, fast performance. | Primarily focused on Game Boy systems, may not be suitable for other consoles. |
Available Zelda Games Through Emulation
Embarking on a quest to experience the magic of Hyrule on your Android device is a surprisingly accessible endeavor, thanks to the power of emulation. Numerous Legend of Zelda titles, spanning various consoles, are now playable on your smartphone or tablet. This means you can journey through time, explore vast landscapes, and battle iconic foes, all from the palm of your hand.
Prepare yourself for a journey through the most commonly emulated Zelda adventures.
Identifying Commonly Emulated Zelda Games
The following Zelda games are frequently enjoyed on Android devices through emulation. These titles have proven to be both popular and relatively well-suited for the mobile gaming experience. The selection covers a wide range of gameplay styles and visual aesthetics, offering something for every fan.
- The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time (Nintendo 64): Arguably one of the most beloved games of all time, Ocarina of Time remains a cornerstone of the series. Its groundbreaking 3D gameplay and epic story make it a prime candidate for emulation.
- The Legend of Zelda: Majora’s Mask (Nintendo 64): A darker and more unconventional entry, Majora’s Mask offers a unique time-loop mechanic and a rich, atmospheric world. Its distinct gameplay makes it a popular choice for those seeking a different Zelda experience.
- The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker (GameCube): Known for its cel-shaded art style and sailing-based exploration, The Wind Waker is a visually appealing and engaging adventure. Emulation allows players to experience this classic on a mobile platform.
- The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past (Super Nintendo Entertainment System): This 2D masterpiece is a staple of the series, offering a classic Zelda experience with top-down exploration, challenging dungeons, and memorable characters. It’s a great choice for retro gaming enthusiasts.
- The Legend of Zelda: Minish Cap (Game Boy Advance): A charming and inventive entry, Minish Cap features a unique shrinking mechanic and a vibrant world. It’s perfectly suited for handheld play, making it a great fit for Android emulation.
Gameplay Experience of The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time on Android
Playing Ocarina of Time on an Android device via emulation is a testament to the power of modern technology. The experience is often remarkably faithful to the original, allowing players to relive the adventure with surprising ease. The portability aspect also adds a new dimension to the experience, allowing players to explore Hyrule whenever and wherever they choose.
Control Schemes and Adaptation for Touchscreens and Controllers
Adapting console controls to a touchscreen or controller is crucial for a smooth emulation experience. Emulators offer various options to tailor the gameplay to your preference.
- Touchscreen Controls: Most emulators provide on-screen virtual buttons, mimicking the layout of a Nintendo 64 controller. These buttons can often be customized in size and placement to suit individual preferences. Some emulators also support gesture-based controls, adding an extra layer of interaction. However, touch controls can sometimes feel less precise than a physical controller, especially during action-oriented sequences.
- Controller Support: Using a Bluetooth-enabled controller is often the preferred method for playing Zelda games on Android. Connecting a controller provides a more authentic and comfortable experience, closely replicating the original gameplay feel. Many modern controllers are compatible with Android devices, offering a range of button layouts and customization options.
- Controller Mapping: Within the emulator settings, players can remap controller buttons to their liking. This allows for personalized control schemes, ensuring that actions such as attacking, using items, and navigating menus are intuitive and comfortable.
Tips for Optimizing Emulator Performance and Gameplay Experience
Optimizing the emulator settings can dramatically improve the performance and enjoyment of your Zelda adventures on Android. Here are five essential tips:
- Choose the Right Emulator: Different emulators offer varying levels of compatibility and performance. Research and select an emulator known for its stability and compatibility with the specific Zelda game you intend to play. Popular choices include emulators like RetroArch (with appropriate cores) or standalone emulators designed for specific consoles, like M64Plus FZ for Nintendo 64 games.
- Optimize Graphics Settings: Experiment with the emulator’s graphics settings to find the optimal balance between visual quality and performance. Lowering the resolution, disabling certain graphical enhancements, or adjusting frame rate limits can significantly improve gameplay smoothness, especially on less powerful devices.
- Use a Controller: As mentioned before, using a Bluetooth-enabled controller provides a much better gameplay experience than touch controls. It offers greater precision and comfort, making it easier to navigate Hyrule and battle enemies.
- Close Background Apps: Running multiple apps simultaneously can consume system resources and impact emulator performance. Before launching a Zelda game, close any unnecessary background apps to free up processing power and memory.
- Update Your Emulator: Regularly update your emulator to ensure you have the latest performance improvements, bug fixes, and compatibility updates. Developers often release updates that enhance gameplay stability and resolve known issues.
Controller Support and Configuration
Embarking on a quest through Hyrule on your Android device is an adventure in itself, but the experience can be significantly enhanced. While touch controls are functional, they often obscure the screen and lack the precision required for navigating complex dungeons or battling formidable foes. Thankfully, the world of Android gaming offers a solution that will transform your mobile Zelda experience: controller support.
Advantages of Physical Controllers
A physical controller offers a plethora of benefits that elevate your gameplay.
- Precision and Accuracy: Physical buttons and analog sticks provide far greater precision than touch controls, especially during fast-paced combat or intricate platforming sections. Imagine the difference between drawing a precise bow shot with your finger versus using an analog stick – the results speak for themselves.
- Improved Immersion: Holding a controller in your hands, with its familiar button layout, instantly enhances immersion. You become more connected to the game world, allowing you to focus on the adventure rather than wrestling with on-screen controls.
- Screen Real Estate: No more clumsy thumbs obscuring your view! A physical controller frees up the entire screen, allowing you to fully appreciate the stunning visuals of your favorite Zelda titles.
- Reduced Fatigue: Prolonged touch control use can lead to finger fatigue. A physical controller offers a more ergonomic experience, enabling you to play for extended periods without discomfort.
Connecting a Bluetooth Controller
Connecting a Bluetooth controller to your Android device is generally a straightforward process. The specific steps might vary slightly depending on your controller and Android version, but the core principles remain the same.
- Enable Bluetooth on your Android device: Navigate to your device’s settings and turn on Bluetooth.
- Put your controller in pairing mode: Consult your controller’s manual to learn how to activate pairing mode. This usually involves pressing a specific button combination. The controller will typically emit a flashing light to indicate it’s ready to pair.
- Scan for devices: On your Android device, go to the Bluetooth settings and scan for available devices. Your controller should appear in the list.
- Select your controller: Tap on your controller’s name in the list to initiate the pairing process. You might be prompted to enter a PIN or accept a connection request.
- Connect and Play: Once paired, your controller should connect automatically when you turn it on in the future. Now, you’re ready to configure the controller within your chosen emulator.
Mapping Controller Buttons
Configuring your controller within the emulator is crucial for a seamless gaming experience. This process allows you to assign specific emulator functions to the buttons on your physical controller. Each emulator has a slightly different interface for button mapping, but the general steps are similar.
- Access the emulator’s settings: Within the emulator, locate the settings menu. This might be represented by a gear icon or a dedicated “Settings” option.
- Find the “Controller” or “Input” section: Look for a section related to controller configuration or input settings.
- Select your controller: The emulator should detect your connected Bluetooth controller. Select it from the list of available devices.
- Map the buttons: The emulator will typically display a visual representation of your controller’s buttons. Tap on each button on the screen and then press the corresponding button on your physical controller. This process links the controller button to the emulator’s function.
- Test and adjust: After mapping all the buttons, test them in-game to ensure they function correctly. You might need to adjust the mapping to suit your preferences or the specific game.
Best Controller Options
Choosing the right controller can significantly impact your gaming experience. Here’s a table showcasing some of the best controller options for playing Zelda games on Android:
| Controller | Features | Price Range | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sony DualSense Wireless Controller | Built-in speaker, haptic feedback, adaptive triggers, comfortable design, rechargeable battery, excellent compatibility across platforms. | $50 – $70 | Offers a premium experience with advanced features, ideal for players seeking the most immersive experience. Requires a USB-C adapter or Bluetooth for connection. |
| Xbox Wireless Controller | Comfortable design, responsive buttons, textured grips, compatibility with various devices. | $40 – $60 | A solid and reliable choice with a familiar layout for many gamers. Can connect via Bluetooth or a USB adapter. |
| 8BitDo Pro 2 | Classic design, customizable button mapping, motion controls, excellent build quality, multi-platform compatibility (Android, PC, Switch). | $35 – $50 | A versatile and affordable option that caters to both retro and modern gamers. |
| GameSir X2 Pro | Mobile gaming-focused design, direct connection to Android phone, ergonomic grips, Hall effect analog triggers, low latency. | $60 – $80 | Designed specifically for mobile gaming, offering a seamless experience with your phone. A great option for on-the-go play. |
Graphical Enhancements and Customization
Alright, let’s talk about making those classic Zelda adventures look even better on your Android device. Emulators offer a whole host of graphical tweaks to breathe new life into these games, transforming pixelated relics into stunning visual experiences. It’s like giving Link a fresh coat of paint and a brand-new Master Sword, all without leaving the comfort of your couch.
Available Graphical Enhancements
Emulators are packed with options to upscale the visuals of your favorite Zelda games. These enhancements aren’t just cosmetic; they can significantly improve your gaming experience.
- Resolution Scaling: This is the big one. Instead of the original game’s resolution (which was often quite low, think 240p or 480p), you can crank it up to 720p, 1080p, or even higher, depending on your device’s capabilities. This makes everything sharper and less blocky.
- Texture Filtering: Texture filtering smoothes out the rough edges of textures, making them look less pixelated. Common types include bilinear, trilinear, and anisotropic filtering. Anisotropic filtering generally provides the best quality, especially at angles. Imagine it as polishing the graphics to a shiny sheen.
- Anti-Aliasing: This technique reduces jagged lines (aliasing) that can appear on diagonal edges. It makes the game look much cleaner and more refined.
- Shader Effects: Some emulators support shaders, which are small programs that apply visual effects to the game. These can range from simple things like bloom and color correction to more complex effects that simulate the look of different lighting conditions or even add a touch of cel-shading.
Enabling and Configuring Enhancements
Getting these enhancements up and running is usually a straightforward process, though the specific steps can vary depending on the emulator you’re using.
- Emulator Settings: The first place to look is in the emulator’s settings menu. You’ll typically find a “Graphics” or “Video” section.
- Resolution: Look for a setting to change the “Internal Resolution” or “Rendered Resolution.” Select a higher resolution than the game’s original resolution. Experiment to find what works best for your device.
- Texture Filtering: Enable texture filtering and experiment with different types. Start with bilinear and move up to trilinear or anisotropic if your device can handle it.
- Anti-Aliasing: Look for an “Anti-Aliasing” setting. Enable it, and choose the level of anti-aliasing you want to use.
- Shaders: If the emulator supports shaders, you’ll find a section for them. You’ll usually need to download shader packs separately and then select them from the emulator’s settings.
- Testing and Adjusting: After making changes, test the game to see how it looks and performs. If the game is running too slowly, reduce the resolution or disable some of the more demanding enhancements. It’s all about finding the sweet spot between visual quality and performance.
Impact on Performance
While these enhancements can significantly improve the visuals, they also come at a cost: performance. Your Android device has limited processing power compared to a dedicated gaming console or PC.
- Higher Resolution: The most significant performance impact comes from increasing the resolution. Rendering at a higher resolution requires your device to process much more data, which can lead to frame rate drops.
- Texture Filtering and Anti-Aliasing: These features also consume processing power, though generally to a lesser extent than resolution scaling.
- Shaders: Shaders can be very demanding, especially the more complex ones.
- Device Capabilities: The performance impact will depend on your device’s hardware. A newer, more powerful device will be able to handle more enhancements than an older, less powerful one.
- Balancing Act: It’s crucial to find a balance between visual quality and performance. Experiment with different settings to find the optimal configuration for your device. You might need to make some compromises. For example, you might have to choose between a higher resolution or using texture filtering.
Visual Scene from The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild (Imagined on Android)
Picture this: You’re standing atop the Dueling Peaks, the wind whipping through Link’s tunic. The sky is a canvas of vibrant hues, a breathtaking gradient of oranges, pinks, and purples as the sun dips below the horizon. The clouds, rendered with a soft, almost painterly quality thanks to anisotropic filtering, are fluffy and detailed, casting long shadows across the Hyrule landscape below.The world stretches out before you, a tapestry of rolling hills, lush forests, and glistening rivers.
The grass, now rendered with a higher polygon count, sways gently in the breeze, its individual blades clearly defined. The textures of the rocks and trees are crisp and detailed, thanks to the increased resolution and texture filtering. The water in the river reflects the sky, creating a stunning visual effect.In the distance, you can see the imposing silhouette of Hyrule Castle, its towers and battlements rendered with impressive detail.
The game’s cel-shaded art style is enhanced by a subtle bloom effect, making the world feel even more alive and vibrant. The whole scene is rendered at a smooth 60 frames per second, thanks to the carefully optimized settings on your Android device. It’s an immersive experience, a testament to the power of emulation and the potential of your handheld device.
Alternatives to Official Ports (if any)
The quest for Zelda on Android isn’t entirely limited to the official releases we’ve discussed. While Nintendo’s embrace of the platform has been somewhat selective, the creative spirit of the gaming community has, as always, found a way. Let’s delve into the realm of unofficial ports and fan-made creations that offer a taste of Hyrule on your mobile device.
Unofficial Fan-Made Zelda Games and Ports on Android
The landscape of unofficial Zelda experiences on Android is varied, reflecting the diverse skills and ambitions of the fan community. These creations range from straightforward ports of classic titles to entirely original games inspired by the Zelda universe.One notable example is the porting of older Zelda titles like
The Legend of Zelda
A Link to the Past* or
The Legend of Zelda
Ocarina of Time* through emulation, which we have covered. While not strictly “fan-made,” the effort required to configure emulators and controllers to achieve a playable experience is a testament to the dedication of players. It is the community that builds the configuration, that helps other players.Beyond emulated experiences, some ambitious developers have attempted to create original Zelda-inspired games specifically for Android.
These games, often developed with limited resources, may feature familiar gameplay elements like dungeon exploration, puzzle-solving, and combat, but with their own unique stories and characters. It’s a testament to the enduring appeal of the Zelda formula that inspires these projects.
Comparison of Alternatives with Official Zelda Games
The comparison between unofficial alternatives and official Zelda games reveals both strengths and weaknesses. The charm of fan-made projects often lies in their ingenuity and the passion of their creators. However, they may lack the polish, stability, and expansive content of official titles.Here’s a breakdown:
- Gameplay: Official games benefit from refined gameplay mechanics, level design, and combat systems developed over decades. Unofficial games, while sometimes innovative, may struggle to match this level of refinement due to limited resources.
- Graphics and Sound: Official games typically boast higher-quality graphics and sound design, especially on modern platforms. Unofficial games often rely on older assets or simpler visuals, though creative art styles can sometimes overcome these limitations.
- Content and Scope: Official Zelda games are known for their vast worlds, extensive storylines, and hours of gameplay. Unofficial projects often have a smaller scope, focusing on specific aspects of the Zelda experience or offering shorter adventures.
- Legality and Support: Official games are legally licensed and supported by Nintendo. Unofficial ports exist in a legal grey area and may lack ongoing support or updates.
Potential Drawbacks of Using Unofficial Ports
Venturing into the world of unofficial Zelda ports comes with certain caveats. While the allure of free or readily available content is strong, players should be aware of the potential risks.
- Legal Issues: Downloading and playing unofficial ports can be a legal grey area, as it may involve copyrighted material.
- Stability and Performance: Unofficial ports are often developed by individuals or small teams, and may suffer from bugs, glitches, and performance issues.
- Security Risks: Downloading files from unknown sources carries the risk of malware or viruses.
- Lack of Updates and Support: Unofficial ports rarely receive updates or bug fixes, leaving players with potentially unresolved issues.
Suggestions for Developers to Create an Official Zelda Game for Android, Legend of zelda android
If Nintendo were to embrace the Android platform more fully, there are several key areas where they could focus to create a successful Zelda experience.
- Optimize for Touch Controls: Design the game with intuitive and responsive touch controls, recognizing that many Android users prefer this input method. Consider incorporating optional controller support for players who prefer it.
- Offer a Compelling Original Story: Create a new Zelda adventure with a unique setting, characters, and storyline tailored for the Android platform. This can help set the game apart from existing console titles.
- Prioritize Performance and Optimization: Ensure the game runs smoothly on a wide range of Android devices, from budget-friendly phones to high-end tablets. This requires careful optimization of graphics and performance.
- Embrace Monetization Wisely: Consider a fair monetization model that respects the player’s time and doesn’t hinder the gameplay experience. Avoid pay-to-win mechanics and focus on optional cosmetic items or expansions.
The Future of Zelda on Android
The world of Hyrule, and the adventures of Link and Zelda, have captivated gamers for decades. Now, with the increasing power and popularity of Android devices, the question of Zelda’s future on this platform is more relevant than ever. Let’s delve into what the future might hold for the legendary series on Android, considering both the exciting possibilities and potential pitfalls.
Official Zelda Releases on Android: Possibilities
The possibility of official Zelda releases on Android is a tantalizing prospect, one that is becoming increasingly plausible. Nintendo has shown a willingness to explore mobile gaming with titles like
- Pokémon GO* and
- Mario Kart Tour*, suggesting an openness to bringing its flagship franchises to mobile platforms. The massive install base of Android devices, coupled with the increasing graphical capabilities of smartphones and tablets, makes the platform an attractive target for Nintendo. Consider the financial success of
- Genshin Impact*, a visually stunning open-world RPG available on Android. Its success demonstrates the potential for high-quality, graphically demanding games to thrive on the platform. If Nintendo were to release a Zelda title on Android, it could potentially reach millions of new players and generate significant revenue.
Benefits and Drawbacks of Official Ports
Bringing Zelda to Android wouldn’t be without its challenges. There are both benefits and drawbacks to consider.
- Benefits:
- Wider Audience: Official ports would expose Zelda to a massive new audience of Android users who may not own a Nintendo Switch or other Nintendo hardware. This could introduce the series to a whole new generation of fans.
- Enhanced Accessibility: Android devices offer accessibility features that could make Zelda games more playable for people with disabilities. Options for customizable controls, screen readers, and other assistive technologies could significantly improve the gaming experience.
- Official Quality: Official releases would guarantee a certain level of quality, with Nintendo’s expertise ensuring a polished and bug-free experience. This would be a significant advantage over emulated versions or unofficial ports, which may suffer from performance issues or other technical problems.
- Drawbacks:
- Control Challenges: One of the biggest hurdles would be adapting the controls to a touchscreen interface. While virtual controls have improved over time, they can still feel clunky and less precise than physical buttons. Nintendo would need to carefully consider control schemes to ensure a comfortable and intuitive gaming experience.
- Monetization Concerns: How Nintendo would choose to monetize a Zelda game on Android is another area of concern. The company could opt for a premium model (one-time purchase), a free-to-play model with in-app purchases, or a subscription service. The wrong choice could alienate fans and damage the game’s reputation. The example of
-Fire Emblem Heroes*, a free-to-play gacha game, demonstrates how a carefully designed monetization strategy can be successful.However, it also illustrates the risks of aggressive monetization that could negatively impact the gameplay experience.
- Performance Issues: While Android devices are becoming more powerful, they still vary significantly in terms of hardware capabilities. Nintendo would need to optimize the game to run smoothly on a wide range of devices, which could be a challenging and time-consuming process. The performance differences between different Android devices can be significant, as demonstrated by the varied performance of graphically demanding games like
-Genshin Impact* across different devices.
Features Fans Want in a Zelda Game for Android
If Nintendo were to develop a Zelda game specifically for Android, fans would have several desires.
- Optimized Touch Controls: The most crucial aspect would be well-designed touch controls that feel intuitive and responsive. This might involve customizable button layouts, support for game controllers, and haptic feedback to enhance the immersion.
- Offline Play: The ability to play the game offline would be highly desirable, allowing players to enjoy the game anywhere, anytime, without relying on an internet connection. This is especially important for players who may not always have access to Wi-Fi or cellular data.
- Cloud Saving: Cloud saving functionality would be essential, enabling players to seamlessly transfer their progress between different Android devices or even to a Nintendo Switch or PC, if cross-platform play is implemented.
- Visual Enhancements: While maintaining the core Zelda aesthetic, players would appreciate visual enhancements that take advantage of the capabilities of modern Android devices. This could include higher resolution textures, improved lighting effects, and a smoother frame rate.
- Controller Support: Seamless integration with a wide variety of Bluetooth controllers would be a must-have feature, providing players with the option to enjoy the game with a more traditional gaming experience.
The future of Zelda on Android is brimming with potential, offering the chance to reach a vast new audience. Official ports could usher in a new era for the series, but they must carefully address control challenges and monetization strategies. Ultimately, a successful Zelda game on Android would prioritize player experience, ensuring intuitive controls, offline play, and seamless integration with various devices.